Examine and comment on Christian and Hindu beliefs about life after death Essay Example for Free

Examine and comment on Christian and Hindu beliefs about life after death Essay Death is the most fateful experience of each individuals life. Whether it is the end of ones life, or the beginning of a new life, no one knows. Death for the Hindu is merely transition, simultaneously an end to a new beginning. Death for the Christian is destined and is a time of judgement that is made from their former performances in life. These are very different views from two major world religions that both question the different events that may take place after ones death. The Christian faith believes that the body is resurrected at death and the soul of an individual is immortal and continues after death. The doctrines of the church teach Christians that after one dies, they will rise before God and be judged. They believe that Christians who have been faithful throughout their life by worshipping Christ and helping other who are less fortunate. A quotation from Matthew 25: 31-46, One day we shall be called to account for the way we have used our gifts, our opportunities and our energies. Above all, we shall be required for the way we have behaved in relation to the poor, needy and the marginalised, supports the belief of the Christian faith and continues to teach these beliefs to mankind. This judgement that is made by God determines whether a persons soul will spend eternity in heaven or hell. Based on Jesus teachings and other sources of revelation, Christians believe that heaven is a place of eternal life, extravagance and luxury, The best and sweetest flowers of Paradise God gives to his people when they are upon their knees. Prayer is the gate of heaven, a key to let us in to Paradise, There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away (Revelation 21:4), these quotations show Christians believe that heaven is a place for those who have worshipped God and have followed the teachings of Jesus. The bible has portrayed heaven as the kingdom of heaven, where kingdom refers to a place of monarchy and sovereignty, where people will be reunited with God. However, Christians can not just enter heaven when they die, but will have to show that they are worthy of entering heaven, For I tell you, unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 5:17-20), this quotation alternatively states that a person who thinks of themselves as higher than God, will never enter heaven. The question that then arises is, where do the unworthy of entering heaven, go after death? The complete alternative of heaven is hell, where people who have carried out immoral acts, such as murder and rape which are forbidden according to the sacred doctrines of the bible, along with people who do not believe in God and have not followed the Christian faith will live eternally in the brutal conditions that hell facilitates, The sword which shall pierce them with the greatest sorrow will be the thought of having lost God, and of having lost Him through their own fault, this quotation gives us a small insight of what hell is portrayed as by Christians. St. Augustine says that in Hell, the damned will be forced to think of nothing but God and that will cause them terrible torment. Biblical quotations such as and shall cast them into a furnace of fire, there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 13:42) and In Matthew 25:41, Jesus says Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, show that Jesus talks about hell as being a place of fire and where souls are burnt and tortured for eternity. Jonathan Edwards preached a sermon which was titled Sinners in the hands of an Angry God. This contained a passage with a quotation There will be no end to this exquisite horrible misery, stating that if a person enters hell, there is no turning back, and they will suffer in the fiery flames of hell. The bible also describes hell as an endless torture scene, with angels and Jesus present either as observers or as officials who are directing the torture of the victims in hell. However, there are two different concepts about the duration of the torture, Annihilationism and traditionalism. Annihilationism is the belief that unsaved individuals will be punished in hell for only a period of time that is appropriate to pay for the nature and frequency of their sins which they were alive on earth. Annihilationists also believe that when a persons punishment has finished, and they have paid the full penalty for their sins, they will be exterminated and their soul will cease to exist in any form. This mean that the soul will not be tortured for any longer, however, they will never enter the kingdom of heaven, which consequently means that at that point, their life has come to an end. In contrast, traditionalism is simply a belief that unsaved individuals will be punished in hell not only for a year, or a decade, but for eternity without any hope of relief, moderation or cessation of the pain. There are many passages and quotations that appear to describe punishment in hell as lasting forever such as the fire that burns them will never be put out (Isaiah 66:24) and And many of those who sleep in the dust of the ground will awake, these to everlasting life, but the others to disgrace and everlasting contempt (Daniel 12.2). These quotations from the bible clearly support the view of traditionalism which shows that even though Gods wish is for all to be saved, the ones who are not will be punished forever. Although this is the view for many Christians, others including Skeptics, Humanists, Atheists, Agnostics generally believe that there is no afterlife and accept that after death, there is personal annihilation. Roman Catholic Christians also have alternative but similar views as they believe that in between heaven and hell, there is purgatory. This is where people who have sinned within their lifetime, but have not sinned to the extent that they must enter hell and be tortured for eternity, are punished for their bad deeds until all penalties have been paid. This enables them to be cleansed from sin and can potentially enter heaven where their soul will rest for eternity. Roman Catholics also believe that people who have family and friends to pray for them after they die will be released from purgatory sooner than those who dont. This is why many Roman Catholics have an overwhelming fear of death as they feel they will certainly suffer, whether it is in hell or purgatory. Pope John Paul issued a piece entitled Incarnationis Mysterium which suggests that Roman Catholics visit certain holy sites to try and reduce the amount of time they will have to spend suffering after death. In this, there is was an appendix called Conditions for Gaining the Jobilee Indulgence which suggested ways for Roman Catholics to attempt to reduce the amount of time spent suffering after they die by carrying out good deeds during their lifetime such as visiting the elderly who live along, the sick, the handicapped etc. Some Roman Catholics carry out these deeds, but the question that has to be asked is, is this being done from the goodness of their heart, or for the goodness of themselves? It is clear that different Christians have different views on life after death, but are similar and can be linked together in some sense, for example, annihilationism is vaguely similar to purgatory in the way that people who have sinned are not punished eternally. However, can this be said for the views on life after death for Christianity and Hinduism? Certainly not, as Hindus have a completely different perspective of afterlife. For Hindus, death is referred to as mahaprasthana which means great journey. Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is the cycle of death and rebirth after a while in spiritual spheres into a new physical body, this is where the soul, which is the true self, remains the same, while the vehicle of the soul to make the needed learning experience changes. Death means nothing else but the loss of a vehicle the soul was using during its many reincarnations, which is a physical body. Saint Tiruvalluvar wrote that death is like falling asleep, and birth is like awakening from that sleep, this quotation shows that no Hindu should really fear death, as an individual is not the body in which they live, but the immortal soul which inhabits many bodies in its evolutionary journey. Samsara is the term referred to by Hindus and means wandering. They believe that the soul wanders from body to body in one lifetime to another. The Bhagavad Gita, which is the holy text for Hindus, teaches that death should not be feared and there is no reason to grieve, For sure is the death of all that is born, sure is the birth of all that dies: so in a matter that no one can prevent, you have no cause to grieve (Bhagavad Gita Chapter 2 verse 27). This quotation states that all are born again so there is no point grieving over something that cannot be avoided. However, the reason why all living things are continually reborn is based on the Hindu belief in karma. Karma means action and the law of karma is the law of cause and effect. Hindus believe that the life they are living may not be the first one, and they may have been born many more times before that. The law of karma states that any good or bad deeds than have been carried out in ones life will give an impression and will be carried over to the next life, for example evil and selfish actions will consequently results in a life of suffering. Therefore, it is said to believe that everything has a cause and purpose, What a man becomes in his next life will depend upon his karma (Brihad-aranyaka Upunishad. IV. 4.verse 3). For a Hindu, this belief could provide a strong incentive to live a good, moral life so the fear of suffering in their next life is overcome. The law of karma can also explain the differences in circumstances and inequalities between people around the world. Although many Hindus aspire to a good rebirth, the ultimate goal of any Hindu is for the atman (soul) to escape Samsara altogether and this is known as Moksha. Moksha can be described as perfect peace and happiness, or as the soul losing itself in Brahman. Brahman means God and moksha is a spiritual state of existence in which there is a union with God, When all desires that rest in the heart are liberated shall a mortal man become immortal and attain Brahman, which shows that when all thoughts are put to rest and when the atman is truly identified as the equivalent of the reality of Brahman, an individual will be able to make moksha their goal and achieve it. Yoga may be considered as a way of exercise to keep the body healthy and fit where as the true meaning of yoga is unity and integration, and is the means, methods and discipline that will enable an individual to bring union with a personal God, Brahman. There are three recognised ways of doing this and they are karma yoga, bhakti yoga and jnana yoga. By carrying out these, and using them as a guideline, moksha can be gained. Hindus see their religion as a way of life and many Hindus apply themselves and live their lives wanting to act to the best of their potential in hope that when they die, they will be released from samsara and gain moksha. Christianity and Hinduism are two major religions that are followed worldwide. They also have very contradistinctive views on life after death. However, both Christians and Hindus turn to their religion to find answers for existence along with death. They also hold tenaciously to the beliefs taught by their particular denominations as a way of comfort. One thing that Christians and Hindus have in common is that they both portray religion as a way of life and use scholarly teachings to influence them on which rightful path to follow in life. Death has been questioned for a very long time and no one has been able to answer the question What happens after death?, which means no one really knows what events will take place after we die, where we will go or what will happen to us. Although we try and answer all of these questions with religious beliefs, until one experiences death, the question that has caused distress to people for over 2 millennia still remains, is there an afterlife?

Bridget Jones Diary Analysis

Bridget Jones Diary Analysis Bridget Jones is a single woman who tries to find herself a nice man, because she doesnt want to stay single for the rest of her life. Write a summary in your own words of about 400-600 words. The story is about Bridget Jones. The book describes a year of the live of Bridget Jones. Bridget is a woman around her thirties without a husband. Many times she has tried to loose weight and to quit smoking, but she never succeeds. She is still single but she tries to change that. Bridget is a quite common woman, only maybe a little bit clumsier. When Bridget and her parents go to a new years buffet from friends of her parents she meets Mark Darcey. Their parents introduced them but they dont like each other. One day her boss sends her a flirting email and they and up in bed with each other. Bridget is convinced that he is the one she is going to spend the rest of her life with. Meanwhile Bridgets mother has left her father and has a new boyfriend. And she has less contact with her boss. At another party she meets Mark again but they still dont like each other. Love Bridget is a woman around her thirties and she doesnt have a husband. Bridget works at a publishing house. She is afraid that shell stay single the rest of her life. She is a little bit overweight and obsessed about her weight, and she smokes a lot. Sometimes she does strange and embarrassing things. Describe two minor characters. Daniel Cleaver is Bridgets boss. Bridget has a little crush on him. He is a very charming man. Mark Darcey is a lawyer, his parents are rich people. Their mothers introduced them to each other, they want them to be a couple. At first she thinks hes just a dull bloke. But after a while she starts to like him. Describe the place(s) where the story is set in detail. When does the story take place? (How do you know? What is the length of time of the story? Is the story told chronologically? Does the author use flashbacks? Explain in detail!) The length of time of the story is one year. There arent any flashbacks in the in the book, so the story is told in chronological order The person who tells the story is Bridget because its her diary you are reading. The book is told from the point of view of Bridget. Its written in the I-perspective. The title of the book is: Bridget Jones diary. That is because youre reading her diary. You read everything she wrights down. Is the book just meant as a story or is the author trying to bring across a message? If so: why? If not: why not? Leesbeleving en evaluatie What is your opinion about the book? I really liked the book because it is really realistic. Bridget is really funny because she gets herself in really idiotic situations. The whole book is really funny to read, sometimes it even made me laugh out load. Would you recommend the book to your classmates? I would recommend the book, but its more a book for the girls. Because the can picture themselves as her. And its a funny book to read. I dont really think boys would like this book. Which part did you like best or was most important in the development of the story? Quote (citeer) a passage or sentence from the book which you found most impressive or touching. Saturday, April 25 9st 1oz (excellent); alcohol units: 4; cigarettes: 24 (entirely understandable). 8am: Gaah! Gaaaah! Doorbell!. 8.05am: Was Magdas builder, Gary. Forgot he was coming round to put shelves up. Ah! Super! Hello! Could you come back in 10 minutes. Im just in the middle of something, I trilled, then doubled up, cringing in nighty. What would I be in the middle of? Sex? Making a vase on a potters wheel which absolutely couldnt be left in case it dried funny? Still had wet hair when doorbell rang again. Felt surge of middle-class guilt as Gary smirked at decadence of those who loll idly in bed while a whole different world of genuine hardworking folk have been up for so long is practically time for their lunch. Would you care for some tea or coffee? I said graciously. Yeah. Cup of tea. Four sugars, but dont stir it. I looked at him for a moment, wondering if this was a joke or a bit like smoking cigarettes but not inhaling. Right, I said, right, and started making the tea, at which Gary sat down at kitchen table and lit up a fag.

Comparing Advertisements by Garnier and Neutrogena Essay -- Adverts, C

We are surrounded by advertisements which be found on the television, radio, newspapers, magazines, street hoardings, taxis, buses and through the post. Everything we purchase or watch is advertised. This is a technique used to persuade people to buy their products. Companies use the power of persuasion to lure their target audience into buying the product being promoted. Advertisements are used to make the audience believe they need the product being marketed. Some advertisements are more successful than others and I intend to investigate why, using two examples which promote skin cleansers one by Garnier and the other by Neutrogena. The first advertisement I will anatomise is the Garnier. The Garnier advertisement takes up an A4 page in a magazine. The main picture takes up approximately 60 percent of the page which makes it stand out and shows it is an important ingredient to making the advertisement efficacious. The main picture is split up again but it is not a 50/50 split it is more like 40/60. The smaller picture shows the girl applying the product to her face and the larger picture shows the outcome of using the merchandise. The picture of the product application is smaller as it does not show you how well the product works or what the end result is which is most important. The larger section is of the girl after application, the girl is very beautiful with clear skin, and this may make the target audience want to buy the product because they have the aspiration to have the perfect skin she does. On the picture in white writing is "GENTLY CLEASNSES PORES DEEP DOWN." "LOOK, THERE'S NOTHING TO SEE." it is divided on the two ... ... preferred the Garnier; the reason is it is straight to the point and aesthetically pleasing it is very fresh and informative without the need for a whole chunk of text explaining who uses it, the product speaks for itself. The reason I disliked the Neutrogena advertisement is that its too busy and also it has too much text which will not appeal to its target audience as most teenager do not pay attention to the text on advertisements. At first glance the Neutrogena looks like an article and once read tells you about the life of a dancer which will not really interest many people, even though the point is that the pore range is quick and easy to use there is no need to explain the history of the users life. Therefore to conclude my essay I came to find the Garnier advertisement is a better campaign than the Neutrogena.

Reporn on Marketing Statigy

Introduction Unilever is a multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo-Dutch parentage that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employs nearly 180,000 people and had worldwide revenue of almost â‚ ¬40 billion in 2005. Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of UnileverNV in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, England. This arrangement is similar to that of Reed Elsevier and that of Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structure. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business.The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Patrick Cescau is Group Chief Executive, who will retire at the end of 2008. Mr Paul Polman will succeed Patrick Cescau as Group Chief Executive. The company is widely listed on the world’s stock exchanges. 1. 2 Origin of report Since practical orientation is an integral part of the BBA program, I tried to expose real life performance of Uniliver by preparing this   report. To prepare this report I have come across with different information of the Uniliver.From the collected information I understand the company’s activities in the market as Uniliverll as in their internal preparation for marketing and others activities. I expect that this report will fulfill the requirement of BBA program and provide a clear idea about the Uniliver activities and other multi-national company’s effort in the Bangladesh. Thus, Uniliver can get deep understand of actual situation of MN’s company’s activities by analyzing their exposed strategy . 1. 3 Objective This Study is intended to analyze marketing strategies used by Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe.The main purpose of the study is to find what strategies the company uses to market its products and brands worldwide; the positive and negative aspects of those strategie s. The report further analyzes the position of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe in the several industries in comparison to its competitors. Specific objective: To know about Uniliver and Uniliver   Bangladesh. To   develop SOWT analysis of   Uniliver Bangladesh. To know about Uniliver’s strategy regarding   product, price,place and promotion. To identify the segmentation,targeting   and positioning strategy used by Uniliver Bangladesh.To develop some recoendation for further improvement in Marketing strategy of Uniliver Bangladesh. 1. 6 Methodology of this report For accessibility and availability of information I have chosen to work on the Marketing strategies of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe. As the company operates in the market with a huge number of products in different industries, I have decided to focus on one of their world wide successful strategy on providing data. Most of the information used in this report is from secondary sources. The main source of information was the Uniliver’s website.In addition information will be collected from focus group discussion,depth interview and survey. Primary Sources: Face to face conversation with the Uniliver’s   people Customer opinion collection   through survey. Collection of data related with Customer satisfaction through   survey. Miscellaneous   Book Reading. Secondary Sources: Annual Reports of Uniliver Various types of Website Different research report. Different Newspapers, Articles, Journals and Publication. Sample Size: I have collected data from 5 upper level employee through depth interview and 100 Customer for survey.Sampling Technique: In case of survey simple random sampling was used . In case of   depth interview snowball sampling was used. Data analysis: I used   Microsoft excel   to analyze the collected data and get the proper meaning. I   used also graph,picture   to show and analyze the data. For accessibility and availability of informa tion I have chosen to work on the strategies of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe. As the company operates in the market with a huge number of products in different industries, I have decided to focus on one of their world wide successful strategy on providing data.Most of the information used in this report is from secondary sitces. The main sitsce of information was the Uniliverbsite. In addition information was also collected from focus group discussion. 1. 4 Limitation To conduct this study sheer experiences are needed. But I have lack of those. As like- The Data was not   available   about company. Without practical work experience it was difficult to do work. Confidential information are not exposed   in Bangladesh. It was difficult to gather sufficient information due to limitation of time.It was also difficult to obtain proper information from respondents because of their busy schedule. Lack of   Money After all within time limited it is not possible learn and unders tand all the activities of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MN’s company like Uniliver. Chapter-02 Overview of Uniliver Unilever at a glance Unilever NV Unilever PLC| | Type| Public company (AMS: UNA) (LSE:  ULVR) (NYSE:  UN) (Unilever N. V. ) (NYSE:  UL) (Unilever PLC)| Industry| Conglomerate| Founded| 1930| Headquarters| Unilever House, London, United KingdomRotterdam, Netherlands| Area served| Worldwide| Key people| Michael Treschow Chairman) Lord Simon of Highbury (Vice Chairman) Paul Polman (CEO)| Products| See brands listing| Revenue| â‚ ¬44,262  million (2010)| Operating income| â‚ ¬6,339  million (2010)| Net income| â‚ ¬4,598  million (2010)| Employees| 163,000 (2010)| Uniliverbsite| http://unilever. com| 2. 1 History & Growth Unilever is a British-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever is a dual-listed company con sisting of Unilever N. V. in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom.This arrangement is similar to those of Reed Elsevier and Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structures. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive. Unilever’s main international competitors include Nestle and Procter & Gamble. They also face competition in local markets or product ranges from companies such as Beiersdorf, ConAgra, Danone, General Mills, Henkel, Mars, Inc. Pepsico, Reckitt Benckiser and S. C. Johnson & Son. History Unilever was founded on 1 January 1930 by Antonius Johannes Jurgens, Samuel van den Bergh and William Hulme Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme. The amalgamation of the operations of British soap maker Lever Brothers ,William Hulme Lever and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, Anton Jurgens en Samuel van den Bergh, a merger as palm oil was a major raw material for both margarines and soaps and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities.The initial harvesting of palm oil was from the British Uniliverst Africa, from where news reports seen back in England shoUniliverd the workers abroad in favorable conditions. In 1911 the company received a concession for 750,000 hectares of forest in Belgian Congo, mostly south of Bandundu, where a system of forced labor operated. The subsidiary of Lever was named â€Å"Huileries du Congo Belge†. During the great depression in the thirties, the Huileries sharply decreased the fee for gathered oil nuts, while the government of Belgian Congo strongly increased taxation.This resulted in social unrest in 1931, which are known as the Revolution of the Pende, in which eventually more than 400 members of the Pende-tribe were killed. In the 1930s the Unilever business grew and new ventures were launched in Afr ica and Latin America. In 1972 Unilever purchased A&W Restaurants’ Canadian division but sold its shares through a management buyout to former A&W Food Services of Canada CEO Jefferson J. Mooney in July 1996. By 1980 soap and edible fats contributed just 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%. In 1984 the company bought the brand Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea).In 1987 Unilever strengthened its position in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds, the maker of Ragu, Pond’s, Aqua-Net, Cutex Nail Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Faberge, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances. In 1996 Unilever purchased Helene Curtis Industries, giving the company â€Å"a powerful new presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market†. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand. Global employment at Unilever 2 000–2008Black represents employment numbers in Europe, light grey represents the Americas and dark grey represents Asia, Africa, and Middle East. Between 2000 and 2008 Unilever reduced global workforce numbers by 41%, from 295,000 to 174,000. Note: Europe figures for 2000–2003 are all Europe; from 2004 figures in black are Western Europe. For 2004–2008 Figures for Asia, Africa and Middle East include Eastern and Central Europe. Source: Unilever Annual Reports 2004, 2008 In 2000 the company absorbed the American business Best Foods, strengthening its presence in North America and extending its portfolio of foods brands.In April 2000 it bought both Ben & Jerry’s and Slim Fast. The company is multinational with operating companies and factories on every continent (except Antarctica) and research laboratories at Colworth and Port Sunlight in England; Vlaardingen in the Netherlands; Trumbull, Connecticut, and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the United States; Bangalore in India (see also Hindustan Unilever Limited); and Shanghai in China. The US division carried the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted that of the parent company.The American unit has headquarters in New Jersey, and no longer maintains a presence at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on Park Avenue in New York City. The company is said to promote sustainability and started a sustainable agriculture programme in 1998. In May 2007 it became the first tea company to commit to sitscing all its tea in a sustainable manner, employing the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO, to certify its tea estates in East Africa, as will as third-party suppliers in Africa and other parts of the world.It declared its aim to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010, followed by all Lipton tea bags globally by 2015. Unilever’s Lipton brand Covalence, an ethical reputation ranking agency, placed Unilever at the top of its ranking based on positive versus negative news coverage for 2007. In 2007, Unilever’s Dove â€Å"Evolution† video that ran only online, was named the first ever non-tv spot to win the Grand Lion at the Cannes Advertising Festival. And in March, 2008, Unilever was named â€Å"Digital Marketer of the Year† by Advertising Age.In 2008 Unilever was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for â€Å"Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Creation and Distribution of Interactive Commercial Advertising Delivered Through Digital Set Top Boxes† for its program Axe: Boost Yits ESP. On 25 September 2009, Unilever decided to acquire the personal care business of Sara Lee Corporation: leading brands such as Radox, Badedas and Duschdas strengthened category leadership in Skin Cleansing and Deodorants.On 9 August 2010, Unilever signed an asset purchase agreement with the Norwegian dairy group TINE, to acquire th e activities of Diplom-Is in Denmark, as of 30 September 2010. On 24 September 2010, Unilever announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its consumer tomato products business in Brazil to Cargill. On 27 September 2010, Unilever purchased Alberto-Culver, the maker of personal care and household products such as Simple, VO5, Nexxus, TRESemme, and Mrs. Dash for $US3. 7  billion.On 28 September 2010, Unilever and EVGA announced that they have signed an agreement under which Unilever will acquire EVGA’s ice cream brands (amongst others, Scandal, Variete and Karabola) and distribution network in Greece, for an undisclosed amount. On 23 March 2011: Unilever announced that it has entered a binding agreement to sell the global Sanex business to Colgate-Palmolive for â‚ ¬672m. Unilever also announced that it has entered into a binding agreement to acquire Colgate-Palmolive’s laundry detergent brands (Fab, Lavomatic and Vel) in Colombia for US$215m. . 2 History & Growth in Bangladesh perspective Unilever Bangladesh is a company that has its own history intrinsically built with the development of its nation and its culture. It has been part of the Bangladeshi household since the 19th century with the same intention of bringing cleanliness and convenience to households as Uniliver do today. Back then Sunlight soap was marketed through Lever Brothers India limited throughout the undivided India. Later on, Lever Brothers Pakistan limited started its operation in Bangladesh on a larger scale.In 1964, its soap manufacturing facility was setup in Kalurghat, Chittagong. With time it gradually evolved and diversified into manufacturing personal products like skin care creams, toothpastes, shampoos, detergent powders, and so on. Accumulating manufacturing experience over 40 years, Uniliver has a legacy of leading the market with international brands offered at affordable prices. Today, with 13 different brands in 8 different categories, Un ilever Bangladesh stands as one of the most progressive partner in development for the Government of Bangladesh. 964-1972 Productions started off with Sunlight soap and Lifebuoy soap. After the war of independence in 1971, Bangladesh became an independent country. At this time, Lever Brothers Bangladesh Ltd. was constituted with Unilever owning 60. 75% shares and the Government of Bangladesh owning the remaining 39. 25% shares. 1972-1980 Post liberation period evidenced accelerated growth for the company. Demand started rising and the company continued its mission to meet consumer needs by producing quality soaps, introducing Lux – the beauty soap and Wheel.Launched in 1972 Wheel entered the merchandised laundry category, traditionally dominated by cottage soaps. It appealed to the consumers with unique care benefits for hand and fabric, a generic weakness in cottage soaps. It gradually became the secret ally of Bangladeshi women by extending the caring hand to ease her daily laundry chores. 1980-1990 The early eighties witnessed expansion of the company through diversification. Calibrating direction, the mission now included enhancing quality of life through other personal products aspiring aestheticism like sparkling white teeth, fresh breath, beautiful hair, and glowing skin.A Personal Product Plant was established to manufacture shampoo, toothpaste, and skin care creams. Sunsilk Shampoo, Closeup Tooth paste, Fair and Lovely for skin care and Vim for dish washing was produced and marketed to bring great international and regional formulations to Bangladeshi households at affordable prices. 1989 heralded the beginning of a fairy tale story – the initiation of LUX photogenic contest that brought the real life experience of glamits, fame and fortune to the doorsteps of young girls throughout the country. 1990-1998 In the early 90? Unilever Bangladesh entered the tea-based beverage market introducing Lipton Taaza, Lever’s flagship packet te a brand, with the objective to be the most preferred tea of the Bangladeshi consumers. World renowned Pond’s cream and Pepsodent – the dental hygiene expert began to be manufactured from its Kalurghat factory. Washing drudgeries of the busy homemakers were washed away with the introduction of Wheel washing powder and Surf Excel for premium wash. In 1996-1997, its manufacturing facility owned and run by a third party was set up outside Dhaka for wheel washing powder.With formulations suitable for local conditions, the washing powder concept brought about a huge revolution in fabric washing habits in the country. 1998-2004 These are the golden years in the history of Unilever Bangladesh as the company turned around from severe losses due to competitive backlash – to a company with 6 years of consecutive growth. Around the end of November 2001, its new personal products factory â€Å"Sankalp† in Kalurghat started production which helped us meet the market ne eds from a shift on its dependence on soaps to diverse personal grooming categories.This is also the era when Unilever Bangladesh introduced many exciting new products such as Pond’s face wash to end soap related facial skin woes or Lipton double chamber tea bags for more zest in its tea cups and the markets responded enthusiastically. In 2001, Uniliver brought about a new excitement in the kitchen care sector with the introduction of Vim bar, the dish cleaning soap – a concept of convenience and common household habits combined together. In 2002 Rexona deodorant entered the market building in awareness about body odits problems and creating a new personal grooming habit in the country.The company’s soap formulations changed radically during this time to bring in world class standards – without any price rises. Lifebuoy, the health brand has moved from just the hard-working men’s soap to reminding one, of the bond of love that binds a family in a h ealthy circle, free of germs and sickness. In 2004, as a new variant, bringing in the goodness of Neem – an Ayurvedic medical marvel, Lifebuoy has reinstated its earnest endeavits to be ahead of consumer’s needs. In the span of these six years, Uniliver gathered many accolades (link to awards page) to certify its fast paced move towards world class performance.Unilever Bangladesh had a jitney towards adding new impetus to its trade marketing and today its products are available in 90% of the households in Bangladesh. In a company wide move to come out from behind the great brands and be known as Unilever worldwide, Lever Brothers Bangladesh limited officially changed its name to Unilever Bangladesh in December 2004. 2. 2. 1 Unilever Bangladesh (core information) Over the last fits decades, Unilever Bangladesh has been constantly bringing new and world-class products for the Bangladeshi people to remove the daily drudgery of life.Over 90% of the country’s househo lds use one or more of its products. Unilever Bangladesh is a Fast Moving Consumer Goods company with local manufacturing facilities, reporting to regional business groups for innovation and business results. Constitution Unilever – 60. 75% shares, Government of Bangladesh – 39. 25% Product categories Household Care, Fabric Cleaning, Skin Cleansing, Skin Care, Oral Care, Hair Care, Personal Grooming, Tea based Beverages. Unilever Bangladesh Brands Wheel, Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Pond’s, Close Up, Sunsilk, Taaza, Pepsodent, Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, Rexona, Axe, Dove, & Vaseline.Manufacturing facilities The Company has a Soap Manufacturing factory and a Personal Products Factory located in Chittagong. Besides these, there is a tea packaging operation in Chittagong and three manufacturing units in Dhaka, which are owned and run by third parties exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh. 2. 2. 2 Key Dates: 1872: Two Dutch firms, Jurgens and Van den Bergh, beg in commercial production of margarine. 1885: William Hesketh Lever establishes soap factory in Warrington, marking the beginnings of Lever Brothers. 1908: Jurgens and Van den Bergh pool their interests. 914: Lever begins producing margarine at the request of the British government. 1927: Jurgens and Van den Bergh create dual-structured Margarine Union Limited and Margarine Unie N. V. 1929: Margarine Union/Margarine Unie merges with Lever Brothers to create Unilever, with dual Anglo-Dutch structure. 1930: Special committee is established as a board of directors over the British and Dutch Unilever holding companies. 1937: Reorganization equalizes the assets of the Dutch and the British groups of Unilever; Thomas J. Lipton Company, U. S. manufacturer of tea, is acquired. 944: The U. S. toothpaste brand Pepsodent is acquired. 1957: Company acquires U. K. frozen foods maker Birds Eye. 1961:U. S. ice cream novelty maker Good Humor is acquired. 1984: Buying spree begins that will last unti l 1988 and result in about 80 companies being acquired; Brooke Bond, the leading European tea company, is acquired through hostile takeover. 1986: Company acquires Chesebrough-Pond’s, its largest purchase to date. 1989: The acquisition of three companies, including Faberge Inc. , makes the company a major player in the world perfume and cosmetics industry. 994: The launch of a new laundry detergent in Europe turns into a public relations disaster when tests reveal that it can damage clothes under certain conditions. 1996: Fundamental management reorganization is launched, including the replacing of the special committee with a seven-member executive committee. 1997: Specialty chemicals operations are sold to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC for about US$8 billion. 1999: Company announces that it will eliminate about 1,200 of its brands to focus on around 400 regionally or globally poUniliverrful brands. 2. Corporate Objective The purpose of Unilever is to meet the everyday ne eds of people—everywhere anticipate the aspirations of company’s consumers and customers and to respond creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life. Company’s deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world are its unparalleled inheritance and the foundation for company’s future growth. The Unilivr will bring it’s wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers–a truly multi-local multinational.Company’s long term success requires a total commitment to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to working together effectively and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously. Uniliver believe that to succeed requires the highest standards of corporate behavior towards its employees, consumers and the societies and world in which it exist. This is Unilever’s road to sustainable, profitable growth for its bus iness and long-term value creation for Uniliver shareholders and employees. 2. 4 Vision, Mission & Goals VisionUnilever products touch the lives of over 2 billion people every day – whether that’s through feeling great because they’ve got shiny hair and a brilliant smile, keeping their homes fresh and clean, or by enjoying a great cup of tea, satisfying meal or healthy snack. The fits pillars of Uniliver vision set out the long term direction for the company – where its want to go and how it is going to get there: It work to create a better future every day It help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others.It will inspire people to take small everyday actions that can add up to a big difference for the world. It will develop new ways of doing business with the aim of doubling the size of its company while reducing its environmental impact. Uniliver has always believed in the po wer of its brands to improve the quality of people’s lives and in doing the right thing. As its business grows, so do its responsibilities. Uniliver recognize that global challenges such as climate change concern us all.Considering the wider impact of its actions is embedded in its values and is a fundamental part of who it is. Mission Uniliver mission is to add Vitality to life. It meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life. In the last five years, it has built its business by focusing on its brands, streamlining how Uniliver work, and improving its insight into the evolving needs and tastes of consumers. Now Uniliver are taking the next step in simplification – by aligning its selves around a clear common mission.Uniliver recognize that the world in which Uniliver operate is changing. Consumers are increasingly bringing their views as citizens into their buying decisions, dem anding more from the companies behind the brands. They want companies and brands they trust. Unilever embraces these new expectations. Its heritage of good governance, product quality and long experience of working with communities gives us a strong base. Uniliver aim to build on this by taking the next step in transparency and accountability.It will stand visibly as Unilever, behind its products and everything Uniliver do, everywhere. Every day 150 million people in over 150 countries choose its products. Already, most of its brands give the benefits of feeling good, looking good and getting more out of life. Bertolli, for example, conjures up the Italian zest for life and Becel/Flora keeps hearts healthy. Sunsilk helps you feel happier because yits hair looks great. Its laundry brand, Omo, encitsages children to get dirty so they can experience more of life.In the future, its brands will do even more to add vitality to life. Its vitality mission will focus its brands on meeting co nsumer needs arising from the biggest issues around the world today – ageing populations, urbanizations, changing diets and lifestyles. Uniliver see growing consumer need for: a healthy lifestyle more variety, quality, taste and enjoyment time, as an increasingly precious commodity Helping people to feel good, look good and get more out of life will enable us to meet these needs and expand its business. Unilever is in a unique osition to understand the interrelationships between nutrition, hygiene and personal care. Uniliver can do this thanks to its strong science capability and its locally rooted consumer insight. It is by bringing all this together that Uniliver can strive to contribute to quality of life and wellbeing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ adding vitality to life. The long-term success of its business is intimately interconnected with the vitality of the environment and the communities in which Uniliver operate. The environment provides us with its raw materials and the ingredients Uniliver need to make its products.Healthy, prosperous communities provide us with a healthy, growing consumer base Goals Unilever Unveils 50 Sustainability  Goals 50 specific goals that include social and health-related targets under the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan released today. It expanded on a commitment made last year to double sales while reducing overall environmental impact. The new plan gets far more specific. And progress on this â€Å"social mission† is now part of every Unilever initiative launch plan alongside sales and profit targets, Mr. Lewis said, president of Uniliver America.Unilever isn’t the only company to recently step up environmental goals, but its targets are more ambitious than many, maybe even most. Procter & Gamble Co. also announced bigger sustainability goals for 2020 in September, targeting, among other things, a 20% reduction in packaging per consumer use, but Unilever’s goal is for an absolute reduction of 33%. Pledge t o use sustainable sits Unilever is pledging to sits all of its agricultural raw materials from sustainable sits by 2020 and half by 2015. That could drive up costs, but it is manageable by Uniliver.One of Unilever’s more ambitious targets is to expand its PureIt water-filtration brand, launched in India in 2004, to elsewhere in Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. It aims to have such systems provide safe drinking water to 500 million globally by 2020 — a population bigger than South America’s current 385 million or nearly half of India’s current 1. 1 billion. The company’s new â€Å"Sustainable Living Plan,† developed over the cites of the last 12 months, and unveiled around the globe today, focuses on Unilever’s entire supply chain, from the farms that supply raw materials for its products to the emissions and waste generated y customer use of those products. Among the targets Unilever has set: †¢ Since 100 percent of ag ricultural raw materials sustainable by 2015, including 100 percent sustainable palm oil. Unilever buys 3 percent of the world’s annual supply of palm oil. †¢ Change the hygiene habits of 1 billion people in Asia, Africa and Latin America to help reduce diarrhea — the word’s second biggest cause of infant mortality. Unilever will push sales of its Lifebuoy soap brand and teach consumers when to wash their hands to achieve this aim. Make drinking water safer in developing countries by extending sales of its PureIt home water purifier. †¢ Improve standards of living by working with agencies such as Oxfam and the Rainforest Alliance to link 500,000 smallholders and small-scale distributors to the Unilever supply chain. According to The Guardian:†[Unilever] also intends to improve the nutritional quality of its food products — with cuts in salt, saturated fats, sugar and calories — and link more than 500,000 small holder farmers and sma ll scale distributors in developing countries to its supply chain. The Sustainable Living Plan sets out over 50 social, economic and environmental targets. It will see Unilever, whose global brands include Dove, Omo, Knorr and Lipton, halve the greenhouse gas emissions, water and waste used not just by the company in its direct operations, but also by its suppliers and consumers. Over two-thirds of greenhouse gas emissions and half the water used in Unilever products’ lifecycle come from consumer use, so this is a major commitment on an unprecedented scale.Other key goals Unilever plans to achieve by or before 2020 include: 100% of its agricultural raw materials sustainable including, by 2015, 100% sustainable palm oil; Changing the hygiene habits of 1 billion people in Asia, Africa and Latin America so that they wash their hands with Lifebuoy soap at key times during the day – helping to reduce diarrhea disease, the world’s second biggest cause of infant mortal ity; Making safe drinking water available to half a billion people by extending sales of its low-cost in-home water purifier, PureIt, from India to other countries; Improving livelihoods in developing countries by working with Oxfam, Rainforest Alliance and others to link over 500,000 smallholder farmers and small-scale distributors into its supply chain. Paul Polman (group chief executive) emphasized that Unilever did not have all the answer were and that the ompany would need to work in partnership with customers, suppliers, governments and NGOs if it was to achieve its goals. 2. 6 Volume growth ahead of Uniliver markets Table-01 Underlying volume growth: Financial Year|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growth|    2008|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0. 1%| 2009|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. 3%| 2010|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  5. 8%| Underlying volume growth accele rated in 2010 to 5. 8%, the best that Unilever has achieved for more than 30 years. Uniliver set out two years ago to reignite its volume growth and to grow ahead of its markets. That is what Uniliver are starting to do; its volume shares are up in all regions and in most categories. Volume growth was broad based.In its emerging markets business Uniliver grew volumes by around 10% over the year as a whole, with the key businesses of China, India and Turkey all delivering growth well into double digits. Only in Central and Eastern Europe did Uniliver see more subdued growth, although even here volumes were comfortably up in difficult markets. In the developed world, where growth has been very hard to achieve over the recent past, its volumes were also up by around 2%, again ahead of the market, in both Western Europe and North America. Uniliver gained volume share in all regions, with particularly strong performance in key emerging markets such as China, Indonesia, South Africa and A rgentina. Uniliver stern Europe also saw strong volume share gains, led by the Netherlands, France and Italy.Volume shares were also up in most of its core categories, with deodorants, skin cleansing, household care, ice cream and dressings all achieving notable gains during the year. Steady improvement in margin Underlying Operating Margin for the year increased by 20 basis points. It was another year of the steady and sustainable improvement that Uniliver have been targeting. Cost saving programmes again delivered strongly, with â‚ ¬1. 4 billion of savings in the year following a similar amount in 2009. Much of the success in savings came in the supply chain, and as a result gross margin, at constant currency, improved for the year despite negative underlying price growth and modestly higher commodity costs. Positive mix and improved volume leverage also contributed positively to gross margin.At the same time as increasing underlying operating margin Uniliver also increased sub stantially the advertising and promotions investment put behind its brands – at constant currency the increase was more than â‚ ¬300 million or 30 basis points in the year. This came after an even bigger increase in 2009, meaning an additional â‚ ¬700 million behind the building of its brand equities over the last two years. Aside from the gross margin increase, the key driver of margin improvement was a reduction in indirect costs, with the organization now leaner and a new discipline exerted in all areas of the cost base. Healthy cash delivery Working capital reduced as a percentage of turnovers and has now been negative for over 12 months. The cash conversion cycle improved by 17 days, from 20 days in 2009 to just three in 2010.Uniliver are close to best in class in its management of payables and receivables, but in inventories Uniliver still see scope for further improvement. This strong performance in working capital management was reflected in free cash flow, whic h was again healthy at â‚ ¬3. 4 billion. Over the last two years its combined free cash flow of â‚ ¬7. 4 billion represents around 90% of net profit. This is robust performance, particularly at a time when Uniliver are investing heavily in the future growth of the business in areas such as capital expenditure, as it build new capacity to support its rapid volume growth in emerging markets. The â‚ ¬0. 7 billion reduction versus 2009 reflected a smaller inflow from working capital in 2010, following the exceptional benefit of â‚ ¬1. 7 billion taken in 2009. 2. Corporate image Unilever claims that corporate social responsibility is at the heart of its business. However Uniliver, the transition to a responsible and sustainable company is ongoing and it has attracted a variety of criticisms from political, environmental and human rights activists on not achieving the high aims it communicates on a number of topics. 2. 8. 1 Environmental issues Unilever’s stated goals a re to decouple growth from the company’s environmental impact by halving the environmental footprint of its products helping 1  billion people improve their health and well-being since all of its agricultural raw materials sustainably Palm oilUnilever has been criticized by Greenpeace for causing deforestation, Unilever was targeted in 2008 by Greenpeace UK, which criticized the company for buying palm oil from suppliers that are damaging Indonesia’s rainforests. Unilever, as a founding member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), responded by publicizing its plan to obtain all of its palm oil from sitsces that are certified as sustainable by 2015. In Cote d’Ivoire, one of Unilever’s palm oil suppliers was accused of clearing forest for plantations, an activity that threatened a primate species, Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus. Unilever intervened to halt the clearances pending the results of an environmental assessment.On 4 July 2010, Uni lever announced that it has secured enough GreenPalm certificates of sustainable palm oil to cover the requirements of its European, Australia, and New Zealand business. GreenPalm is a certificate trading programme, endorsed by the RSPO, which is designed to tackle the environmental and social problems created by the production of palm oil. Rainforest Alliance Unilever has committed to purchase all its tea from sustainable, ethical sitsces. It has asked the international environmental NGO, Rainforest Alliance, to start by certifying tea farms in Africa. Lipton and PG Tips will be the first brands to contain certified tea. The company aims to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010 and all Lipton tea bags sold globally by 2015. Animal testingUnilever states it is committed to the elimination of animal testing, and where it is a legal requirement in some countries, it tries to convince the local authorities to change the law. Some act ivistsargue that this is little more than an effort to gain good publicity and Unilever continue to use animal experimentation such as the LD50 poisoning test. 2. 8. 2 Social issues Race and advertisements Hindustan Unilever, had been showing television advertisements for skin-lightening cream, Fair and Lovely, depicting depressed, dark-skinned women, who had been ignored by employers and men, suddenly finding new boyfriends and glamorous careers after the cream had lightened their skin.The Austrian branch of Unilever (Eskimo) is producing and marketing an ice-cream under the name Mohr im Hemd. â€Å"Mohr† (moor), is a colonial German word for African or black people, has a heavily colonialist and racist connotation, â€Å"Mohr im Hemd† (moor in the shirt) is a traditional Austrian chocolate specialty which refers to naked, â€Å"wild† Africans. Unilever refutes any racist intentions and claims that it has tested the name in broad market studies in Austria witho ut any critical feedback. Sexism in advertisements The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood criticized Unilever for the 2007 Axe marketing campaign, which they considered sexist. Unilever’s response is that the Axe campaign is intended as a spoof and â€Å"not meant to be taken literally†.Unilever has launched the Dove â€Å"Real Beauty† marketing campaign, which envisaged women to reject the underfed and hyper-sexualized images of modern advertising in 2007. Child labor In 2003 Hindustan Unilever was accused of making use of child labor, among others. 2. 9 Organizational Structure Billion-Euro brands Brands with annual sales of one billion euros or more: Axe/Lynx Blue Band Dove Flora/Becel Heartbrand Hellman’s Knorr Liptons Lux (soap) Omo/Surf (detergent) Rexona/Sure Sunsilk TIGI (haircare) Heartbrand The Heartbrand logo accompanying various brands of Unilever ice creams. Unilever is the world’s biggest ice cream manufacturer, with an annual t urnover of â‚ ¬5 billion.Except for the USA brand names Popsicle, Klondike, Ocean Spray ice cream, Slim Fast ice cream, Breyers, Starbucks and Ben & Jerry’s; all of its ice cream business is done under the â€Å"Heartbrand† brand umbrella, so called because of its heart-shaped logo. Unilever currently operates eleven ice cream factories in Europe; the biggest include factories at Heppenheim in Germany, Caivano in Italy, St. Dizier in France, Gloucester in the United Kingdom and Santa Iria da Azoia in Portugal. The Heartbrand was launched in 1998 (and slightly modified in 2003) as an effort to increase international brand awareness and promote cross-border synergies in manufacturing and marketing (â€Å"centralization†).It is present in more than 40 countries. Although the logo is common worldwide, each country retained the local brand so as to keep the familiarity built over the years, one notable exception being Hungary where the previous Eskimo brand was re placed with Algida in 2003. In 2005, Glidat Strauss received special permission from Unilever to export their brand of ice cream to the United States because of the strict kosher certification the products in Israel have. Under terms of the agreement, Strauss ice cream and krembo may be sold only in kosher supermarkets and import shops. It is distributed in North America by Dairy Delight, a subsidiary of Norman’s Dairy.Prior to the heart logo, each country could choose its own logo, although the most common one consisted of a blue circle with the local brand’s name over a background of red and white stripes; second most common old logo, used by Wall’s in the UK and other countries, was a yellow logo with Wall’s in blue text. Unilever generally manufactures the same ice-cream with the same names, with rare occasions of regional availability, under different brands. Some of these ice-creams include Carte D’Or, Cornetto, Magnum, Solero and Viennetta. Food and beverages Ades or Adez — soya-based drinks Alsa — desserts and syrups Amora — French mayonnaise and dressings Amino — dehydrated soup (Poland) Annapurna — salt and wheat flits (India) Bakers Joy – Non stick baking spray Becel — also known as Flora/Promise; health-aware: margarine, spreads, cooking oil, milk, ermented milk Ben & Jerry’s — ice cream Best Foods — mayonnaise, sandwich spreads, peanut butter and salad dressings Bertolli — pasta sauces (ambient/chilled & frozen) and margarine BiFi — sausage-based snacks (Germany) Blue Band — family-aware: margarine, bread, cream alternatives Bovril — beef extract Breyers — ice cream Brooke Bond — tea Bru — instant coffee (India) Brummel & Brown — margarine Bushells — tea (Australia, New Zealand) Calve — sauces, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, peanut butter Chicken Tonight – Unilivert sau ces range Choysa – Tea, marketed mainly in Australia and New Zealand Conimex — Asian spices (Netherlands) Colman’s — mustard,condiments, packet sauces & OK Fruity Sauce Continental — side dishes Country Crock — margarine Delma — margarine (Poland) Du Darfst (Germany) Elmlea — Pitsable artificial cream available in different varieties (UK) Fanacoa — Mayonnaise, mustard, ketchup (Argentina) Findus — frozen foods (Italy, UK, Scandinavia) Flora — margarine, light butter, jams Fruco — ketchup, mayonnaise and condiments Fudgsicle Gallo — olive oil Heartbrand — ice cream (umbrella logo) Hellmann’s — mayonnaise I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter — margarine spread Imperial Margarine — margarine Jif Lemon & Lime Juice Kasia — margarine (Poland) Kecap Bango — soya sauce in Indonesia Kissan — Ketchups Squashes and Jams (India and Pakistan ) Klondike — Ice cream sandwiches Knorr (Knorr-Suiza in Argentina) — sauces, stock cubes, ready-meals, meal kits, ready-soups, frozen food range| Lady’s Choice — mayonnaise, peanut butter and sandwich spreads (Philippines, Malaysia) Lan-Choo — tea (Australia/New Zealand) Lao Cai Seasoning Lipton — tea Lipton Ice Tea — ready-to-drink tea (partnership with PepsiCo) Lizano Sauce (Salsa Lizano) — Costa Rican condiment Lyons’ — tea (Ireland) Maille — French mustard Maizena — corn starch Marmite — yeast extract spread (except in Australia and New Zealand, called Its Mate) McCollins — tea (Peru) Mrs Dash – Seasonings range Molly McButter Mrs.Filbert’s — margarine (USA) Paddle pop — Ice cream (Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia [incorporated with Wall's]) Pfanni — Bavarian potato mixesPeperami — Sausage snacks PG Tips — tea (UK) Phase — cookin g oil Planta — margarine Popsicle — Frozen treats Pot Noodle — cup noodles Promise — Becel/Flora Ragu — pasta sauces Rama — margarine Royal — pastas (Philippines) Royco — stock cubes, non-MSG stock (only in Indonesia) Red Rose Tea — tea (Canada) Sana — Margarine (Turkey) Saga — tea (Poland) Sariwangi — tea (Indonesia) Scottish Blend — tea Skippy — peanut butter Slim†¢Fast — diet products Sugar Twin Sunce (Sun) — Mayonnaise (Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro) brand now discontinued, Sunce factory now produces Uniliver brand Knor Mayonnaise Stork margarine Streets (ice cream) (Australia/New Zealand) Tortex — ketchup (Poland) Turun sinappi — mustard (Finland/SUniliverden) Unilever Food Solutions — professional markets (food service) Unox — soups, smoked sausages Vaqueiro — cooking margarine, cooking oil Wall’s ice cream Wish-Bone salad dressing| Partial list of national brands variants of the HeartbrandAlgida — Czech Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Republic Of Macedonia, Malta, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Latvia, Lithuania Bresler — Chile Cargills — Sri Lanka Eskimo — Austria Frigo — Spain Frisko — Denmark GB Glace — SUniliverden, Finland Glidat Strauss — Israel, USA Good Humor — USA, Canada, China HB — Ireland Helados La Fuente — Colombia — China Holanda — Mexico, Central America| Kibon — Brazil Kwality Wall’s — India Langnese — Germany Lusso — Switzerland Miko — France Ola — Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembitsg, South Africa Ola — Portugal Pinguino — Ecuador Selecta — Philippines Streets — Australia, New Zealand (slogan ‘Nothing Beats Streets’) Tio Rico — Venezu ela Wall’s — United Kingdom (Great Britain), Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand and other parts of Asia Wall’s HB — United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)|   Home and personal care brandsAla — laundry detergent (Argentina) Andrelon Axe — deodorant, shoUniliverr gel, bodyspray (Lynx in the UK, Ireland and Australasia) Ayush (India) Badedas — ShoUniliverr gels Baba (East Europe) Biotex — laundry detergent Brilhante — laundry detergent (Brazil) Brisk-Hair Styling products for men (Southeast Asia,North America,All Regions,All Variants:Brisk Hairstyling Unilivertlook,Brisk Hairstyling Unilivertlook Extra Strong,Brisk Shampoo 2 in 1 For Men,Brisk Hairstyling Cream Antidandruff,Brisk Hair Cream) Brut — cologne, aftershave Brylcreem — hair styling products for men Caress — soap Cif — cleaning Clear — anti-dandruff shampoo and conditioner(China, Southeast Asia, Romania, P akistan, Poland, Hungary) Close-Up — toothpaste Coccolino — softener (Poland, Hungary, Romania) Comfort Consort – Men hair care Cream Silk — conditioner (Philippines) Degree — deodorant Dimension Domestos — bleach (Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Spain, Germany, Italy, Israel, France, Turkey, Australia) Dove — skin, hair, and deodorant Dusch Das — shoUniliverr gels Fair and Lovely — skin lightening product (available in India and Malaysia) FDS – Skin care range Finesse — shampoo and conditioner (sold in 2006 to Lornamead Brands, Inc. Gessy (Brazil)— soaps Glorix (Netherlands) Good Morning — soap (Egypt) Impulse — deodorant ; body spray Just for me – Kids hair range Lever 2000 — soap Lifebuoy — soap (Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Australia) Clinic — dandruff shampoo Lynx — deodorant, men’s Lysofor m — home care (Italy) Lux — women’s soap, shoUniliverr gel, and lotions (Caress in the United States) Matey — children’s bubble bath Minerva — laundry and dishwasher detergents (Brazil) Mist — soap (Egypt) Motions – Hair care Neutral — laundry detergent Nexxus – Salon Hair care Noxzema – Skin care range Omo (South America) — laundry detergent Origins| Pears Transparent Soap Pepsodent — dental (outside of the United States) Persil (IE/UK/FR/NZ) Pond’s (Outside of the United Kingdom and United States) Prodent — toothpaste Quix — dishwashing liquid (Chile) Q-Tips — cotton swabs Radox — ShoUniliverr gels and Bubble Bath Range Rexona — deodorant Rinso Robijn — softener Salon Selectives – shampoo and conditioner (sold in 2010 to CLT International) Sedal (known in Brazil as Seda) shampoo and conditioner Signal Simple— Skin/ body care rang e SR — toothpaste with sodium ricinoleate Skip — laundry detergent Static Guard Suave Sun — dishwasher Sunlight Sunsilk (Sedal in Latin America, Seda in Brazil) — shampoo and conditioner Sure Surf — laundry detergent Soft ; Beautiful – Hair Care products St Ives – Hand ; body care Swan (defunct) TBC – Hair care range Thermasilk — shampoo and conditioner TIGI — shampoo and conditioner for hair salons Tholl – skin cure Timotei — shampoo and conditioner Tony ; Guy – Hair care range TRESemme – Hair care range Vaseline body lotion, shoUniliverr gel, deodorant (Vasenol in Portugal, Brazil, Italy, India, Spain and Mexico) Vibrance — shampoo and conditioner Vim (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) Vitapointe — Conditioner (UK/IE) Vinolia — soap (Brazil) Viso — laundry detergent (Vietnam and Indonesia) White Beauty — skin lightening cream Williams — men’ s care VO5 – Hair care/ Styling Xedex Zendium — toothpaste Zhonghua — toothpaste Zwitsal — Baby care range| 2. 9. 1 Principal Operating Units: Africa; Central Asia ; Middle East; China; East Asia Pacific; Latin America; DiverseyLever; Food ; Beverages–Europe; Ice Cream ; Frozen Foods–Europe; Home ; Personal Care–Europe; Central ; Eastern Europe; Foods–North America; Home ; Personal Care–North America . CHAPTER 3 STRATEGY AND MARKETING SWOT analysis Strength:Unilever  Ã‚   is one of the world largest Company. Company has advanced technology and well skilled professionals. Product is highly qualified. The target people are the whole people. Company totally owned, systematic distribution network, transparent communication system. Participative management style. Weakness Competitors has strong promotional activities. Customers are offered better alternatives by the competition. Advertisement flaws. Devotion of product. Pro duct’s quality looses its values. Poor Promotion of free sample. No Unique identification of product. Opportunities Population expanding at a rapid rate. Consumers are becoming more quality conscious.Current capacity utilization ; 0% which can be bather broadened with the increased in demand. Customer base is increasing with effective marketing. Baby shampoo is another area uniliver can make huge gains. Shampoo plus conditioner and anti dandruff shampoos are another area where unilver can earnhvge profits. Pural areas are a large prospective market where they can introduce. Threat Political and economic factors. Partial government Policies. High rate of competition. Local and foreign competition. 4. 9. 1 Top Uniliver competitors: Company| Location| Proctor ; Gamble| Cincinnati, OH| Kraft foods| Northfield, IL| Nestle| Vevey, Switzerland| 4. 9. Market share: | Uniliver|   P ; G| Kraft| Nestle| Top segment| C/G foods| Consumer care| Food| Food| Top brand| Dove| Tide| Mac ; ch eese| Kitkat| CEO| A. Burgmans| A. G. Lefely| R. Deromedi| P. Letmathe| Stock per share| $66. 03| $53. 76| $30. 70| $66. 90| Growth| 15. 55%| 9. 25%| 8. 2%| 11. 23%| Revenues| $42. 942m| $28. 2bl| $31. 010m| $69. 00bl| Revenues growth| -11. 39%| 19%| 4. 3%| -1. 93%| International| 100+| 42| 150+| 86| Business segment| 3| 5| 5| 6| Employees| 234000| 110000| 10600| 253000| (Sitsce: Hoovers Business Intelligence Guide) 4. 9. 3 Principal Competitors: Alberto-Culver Company; Amway Corporation; Avon Products, Inc. Beiersdorf AG; Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. ; Bestfoods; Campbell Soup Company; The Clorox Company; The Coca-Cola Company; Colgate-Palmolive Company; ConAgra, Inc. ; Dairy Farmers of America; Groupe Danone; Del Monte Foods Company; The Dial Corporation; The Estee Lauder Companies Inc. ; The Gillette Company; Hormel Foods Corporation; Johnson ; Johnson; Kraft Foods, Inc. ; L’Oreal; LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA; Mars, Inc. ; Nabisco Holdings Corp. ; Nestle S. A. ; The Pillsbury Company; The Procter ; Gamble Company; Reckitt ; Colman plc; Revlon, Inc. ; Sara Lee Corporation; S. C. Johnson ; Son, Inc. ; Shiseido Company, Limited; Unigate PLC. 4. 10 AdvertisingA freezer in Queens, NY filled with Strauss ice cream from Israel with the Heartbrand Unilever has produced many advertising campaigns, including: Lynx/Axe click advert with Nick Lachey (US only) and Ben Affleck (Non-US only) PG Tips Monkey and Al Knorr Chicken Tonight, ‘I feel like chicken tonight’ Knorr Chinese Soup, ‘Just add one egg! ’ Flora London Marathon Knorr global brand Dove Campaign for Real Beauty, including Evolution Calve Pindakaas (peanut butter) in the Netherlands Comfort Pure recommended by mothercare Clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo and conditioner with the entertainer Rain Clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo and conditioner with the entertainer Nicole Scherzinger Clear Soft and Shiny shampoo and conditioner with the actress Sandra Dewi 4. 11. 1 Outlook and risks OutlookMarket conditions for its business were challenging in 2010 and Uniliver do not anticipate this changing significantly in 2011. Economic pressures are expected to continue to weigh heavily on consumer spending, particularly in developed markets where the combined impact of austerity measures and high unemployment is likely to constrain disposable incomes. Emerging market growth should continue to be robust, although even here Uniliver expect to see a modest slowdown. The most difficult environment is likely to be in Western Europe, where higher taxes, lower public expenditure and potentially rising interest rates mean that, for the short term at least, growth will be limited.In these conditions, consumer confidence is not expected to rise significantly in the year ahead and the search for value by the consumer will continue unabated. A further source of volatility in the year ahead is the return of inflationary pressure, particularly in respect of key commodity cost s. Uniliver anticipate significant commodity cost inflation for at least the first half of 2011. If current trends continue then this inflationary pressure will extend also into the second half and beyond. In this environment Uniliver expect prices to rise, albeit at a lower rate than costs as competitors seek to protect market positions and offset higher commodity costs with savings elsewhere. The competitive environment for its business is likely to remain intense in 2011.Its key competitors, both global and local, will be eager to rebuild market share in many of its markets and categories, and will design their activity plans accordingly. Uniliver expect continued high levels of competitive challenge to its many category leadership positions. Some of this will be price-based, as in 2010, but Uniliver also expect strong innovation-based competition backed by wide-ranging brand support. With the improvements Uniliver have been making to its business Uniliver are well prepared for t hese challenges. Faced with these challenges Uniliver will continue to focus on its long term strategic priorities of driving volume growth ahead of its markets whilst providing a steady improvement in underlying operating margin and strong cash flow.Uniliver are well placed, with an impressive presence in emerging markets, more than 75% of its business in either category leadership or number two positions, a portfolio of strong brands, an increasingly effective innovation programme and a dynamic new performance culture. These give us confidence that Unilever is fit to compete, whatever the circumstances. Principal risk factors Risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to vary from those described in forward-looking statements made within this document, or could impact on its ability to meet its targets or be detrimental to its profitability or reputation. The risks that Uniliver regard as the most relevant to its business are identified below.Uniliver have also commented o n certain mitigating actions that Uniliver believe help us manage such risks; however, Uniliver may not be successful in deploying some or all of these mitigating actions. 4. 11. 2 Where Uniliver will win Brands and innovation are at the heart of its business model. Uniliver aim to offer a broad portfolio those appeals to consumers with different needs and budgets. Unilever brands must also offer product quality that is recognized as superior by its consumers and supported by excellent marketing. Meanwhile, its innovation programme is focused on being ‘bigger, better, faster’. This means leveraging technology to create bigger, better innovation platforms that are then rolled out faster to multiple markets.Its ambition is to win share and grow volume profitably across its categories and countries – and Uniliver believe it has the tools in place to do so. Uniliver have a portfolio fit for growth, with strong brands and many leading category positions. Geographicall y, its outstanding presence in the emerging markets leaves us well positioned to win where much of the future growth will be. Yet, Uniliver is also determined to grow in the developed world, which represents around half of its business and where the bulk of the world’s wealth will remain for many years to come. The biggest opportunity for Unilever and its customer’s lies in growing the size of its categories, which Uniliver will strive to achieve through innovation and market development.Uniliver will further enhance and broaden its relationship with customers – working together on areas of mutual benefit such as consumer research, shopper behavior and merchandising. To sustain winning customer relationships and to enable growth, Uniliver will also need to be consistently brilliant at customer service and in-store execution. Uniliver will aim to reinforce its continuous improvement philosophy by further developing a customer and consumer-led, agile value chain. Its focus will be in three areas. Uniliver will prioritise speed and flexibility in the supply chain to deliver growth. Secondly Uniliver will Leverage its global network capabilities and scale more aggressively.Finally Uniliver will work to get a better return on its advertising and promotional expenditure – one of its most significant areas of cost. It is vital that Uniliver have the talent and organization in place to match its growth ambition. Across the business, Uniliver are therefore looking ahead at what it needs to achieve, and aim to equip itself with the necessary people, skills and capabilities to get there. Uniliver also know that engagement and a culture based on living its values are essential for keeping the best people. Uniliver believe its operating framework allows us to balance scale and global expertise to develop successful products with the local consumer intimacy needed to market and sell them. 4. 11. 3 How Uniliver will win Strategy With confidence in its ability to grow Uniliver launched a renewed, bold vision for the company – to double its size while improving its environmental footprint. With its portfolio of brands, presence in emerging markets and long-standing commitment to shared value creation, Uniliver believe yits company is well placed to deliver on this ambition. † Strategies are: a. Winning with brands and innovation b. Growth priorities c. Winning in the market place d. Winning through continuous improvement e. Winning with people a. Winning with brands and innovation Superior products Its aim is to give people a great experience when they use its brands – better than the competition.Uniliver are investing in improving product quality and making stronger functional claims. Uniliver are also focusing on design, packaging, marketing and advertising, in order to get its brand benefits across more persuasively. Take Knorr Stockpot bouillon. Using a unique jelly technology that delivers homemade tas te and quality, this product is helping people create a special meal at home instead of eating out. Widespread appeal Product superiority is essential, but Uniliver also need to offer a broad range of choice which meets differing consumer needs and price points wherever Uniliver operate. Brands and innovation are at the heart of everything Uniliver do.Uniliver develop its products to keep pace with changes in consumer lifestyles and to appeal to people at all income levels. Success means getting bigger and better innovations into the market faster, supported by the very best marketing. In the UK, understanding that consumers are looking for value without compromising on quality, and recognizing the importance of fragrance in communicating a product’s benefits, Uniliver developed a range of liquid concentrates for Surf detergent with added essential oils, resulting in 29% growth. In Russia, despite a severe economic recession, Uniliver achieved growth of more than 20% in its t ea sales by offering choice across multiple price points with three distinctive brands –Lipton, Brooke Bond and Beseda. And in India, here water quality remains a major concern, the breakthrough technology of PureIt, its in-home purification system, is providing safe and affordable drinking water with complete protection from the water-borne germs that cause diseases. In 2009, Pureit provided safe drinking water for more than 15 million people in 3 million households in India. b. Growth priorities Bigger, better, faster innovations Successful innovation is based on deep consumer insight. The balance Uniliver seek to achieve is to marry global strength in R;D with local knowledge of people’s habits, tastes and behaviors. To grow at the rate Uniliver want to, its focus investment on products that can work globally rather than on launches in just a few countries.Uniliver have also doubled the number of big projects Uniliver are working on. Uniliver are already seeing resu lts. Uniliver have rolled out Axe Dark Temptation deodorant to 56 markets, Lipton Pyramid fruit tea bags to 38 markets and Clear shampoo to 35 markets. For a product to work at a global level, it needs to address unmet needs with superior technology and a clear consumer concept. R;D must deliver breakthrough science in areas that really matter to consumers, with products that do what they claim. Success on this scale requires strict priorities and big ideas. Within R;D, part of prioritizing is getting the balance right between the short and the long term.With an eye to its future growth plans, during 2009 Uniliver developed a more robust process for fuelling its longer-term innovation pipeline. Called the Genesis Programme, it spans its foods and home and personal care categories

Educational Research Essay

The research study explores the influence of technological developments to student motivation and positive learning outcomes. Educational institutions have started to incorporate the use of technology as an instructional tool to facilitate teaching and learning. One of the most recent additions to instructional tools used for classroom instruction is the employment of mobile technology. These technologies include the use of SMS or Short Message Service, e-mail, online forums and discussion boards. The purpose of the research is to probe deeper on the effects of these technologies to motivational learning, pressure within the learning environment, and the outcomes of performance. The result of the study proved that the use of internet and mobile communications lessens the pressure that students feel within the learning environment. Therefore, motivating the students to learn and feel comfortable during classroom instruction. Moreover, mobile communications opens up other alternatives for students to communicate with their teachers without any hesitations at all. Although the research acknowledged the benefits of employing mobile communication combined with internet tools, it still suggests that further studies be conducted on the topic. Critical Evaluation The research study is yet again one of the many proofs on how technology is becoming an integral part of education and is influential in producing positive learning outcomes. With the addition of mobile communication still it remains to be a motivational factor for students to learn and reflect that they actually have been learning by coming up with high grades during evaluation and assessment. This means that with the employment of mobile communications, students are able to produce desirable learning outcomes. Perhaps one of the things that make technology a motivational tool is because of its widespread use in almost every aspect of life. People, especially the younger generation, regard technology as a trend. Incorporating the technologies that students are familiar of makes it a powerful instructional tool to arouse the interest of the learners. Learning is not limited to the confines of the educational institution because mobile communication allows learning to extend beyond the four walls of the classroom. Moreover, communication is best facilitated, especially with students who are not good oral communicators, through online communication. These observations allow educational institutions to consider the employment of mobile technology to their curriculum and their instructional tools, perhaps, also considering the emergence of globalization.

John Locke : Second Treaties of Government Essay

John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in England to a middle class family. He was named after his father, an educated attorney who had participated in the Civil War with the Long Parliamentary. Locke shared a great deal of affection and respect for his father. The relationship he built with his father influenced him to create his own views on education and government. His theory on education was published in 1693 titled, â€Å"Some Thoughts Concerning Education. † Locke was accepted to Christ Church College, Oxford due to father’s friendship with a member of the Long Parliament. The Long Parliment was known to challenge the monarchy in England at the time and later started the English Civil War. Locke attended Oxford for many years studying the curriculum in England and graduated with a Masters in 1658, pursuing his interests in arts. Later he became increasingly interested in the study of sciences including the study of medicine, which were on the rise in England Universities at the time. His interests in science continued to expand and he continued to apply himself to the study of medicine. While studying medicine Locke became interested in the philosophical questions of his time, including the rights of man. The rights of man deal with the powers of government to wit, government by the king through a monarchy and the power of the people through a social contract. Since 1660 Locke began to explore his interest in the natural law. Within the next couple of years he composed â€Å"Essays on the Law of Nature† written in Latin. Unfortunately for Locke his Essays were never published, these theories of law were based on two of his philosophies. First, â€Å"in order that anyone may understand that he is bound by a law, he must know before hand that there is a law. † Secondly, â€Å"there is some will on the part of that superior power, the law maker, who wishes that we do this and demands of us that the conduct of our life should be in accordance with his will. † Locke’s interest in science and medicine brought him into contact with a distinguished scientist named Robert Boyle. In 1667, Locke took a position at Lord Ashley’s household in London as a family physician, in addition to confidential advisor and secretary. In 1668, Locke assisted Lord Ashley in drafting a constitution for the colony of Carolina. In 1671, Locke began to write his greatest work, the â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding. † This took nearly twenty years to complete. Since then he was deeply engaged in Shaftesbury’s political affairs as Secretary of Council a position he obtained while being a secretary for Shaftesbury. In 1675, Locke became ill and lost his position working for Shaftesbury. Due to unstable government conditions Shaftesbury fell from power and Locke was forced to leave England, choosing to recuperate in France. He spent nearly four years in Paris and Montpellier studying at medical school. During his exile in France Locke also took the time to develop his thoughts on Natural Law by composing, Two Treaties of Government. His writings deal with the development of a social contract, which is an agreement between the government and the governed. Locke later returned to England in 1679, he once again committed himself to offer services for Lord Ashley immediately upon his return to England. Four years later it was necessary for Lord Ashley to flee from England to Holland because he had supported the wrong leader during the Monmouth rebellion in 1685. Shortly after Ashley fled from England, Locke followed him and remained in Holland until the Revolution of 1688. Upon returning to England, Locke began to rapidly issue a number of his works he concluded while in Holland, the result of years of study and meditation. Among his works were the, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Two Treatises of Government, and Letters on Toleration. His positive outlook on the importance of a mutual relationship between government and human nature, exerted an immediate and profound influence on the English. Locke’s views were immediately recognized among the English specifically his work on the Two Treatises of Government. Locke’s essay was written in such a way, to elaborate in detail about topics the people were already familiar with. Even the most uneducated candidate could recognize his premise on the philosophical views on government. Two Treatises of Government includes essays supporting the natural rights of society which guarantees our rights to life, liberty, and property. The term right, can be defined as a privilege or power, meaning a freedom or ability to do or refrain from doing something. Natural Rights, specifically emphasize the restraints that ought to exist on government with respect to individuals. This includes what a government must refrain from doing and what a government must do. In Locke’s Second Treaties of Government he discusses the natural liberty and equality of humans, which includes our natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He also determines the proper foundation of a legitimate government. Through supporting and insisting on the mutual consent given by the people of a specific society. Locke’s Theory of Natural Law was based on the moral laws societies are built on, including the establishment of peace and protection so that â€Å"no one will harm another person in their life, liberty, or possession. † Preservation of peace, equality, and independence among all people begins with, the power placed on people in a given society to obey the common laws of nature. When these powers being to get corrupted or not enforced through strict, certain, and fair punishment. The need for an elected and coherent government is required to properly secure the natural rights of peace and self preservation among a society. Locke then begins to explain to us the â€Å"natural state of man. † He describes that living among a state of nature, people in a society have the freedom to do as they please, with limitations and respects to other people. Locke states that this â€Å"state of liberty,† comes with the limitations so not â€Å"to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. † Locke also notes that, â€Å"all men may be restrained from invading others rights and from doing hurt to one another. † By saying this he is trying to define the equalities of man and their duties to each other in a community to live in peace. If for any reason there becomes the need to seek punishment for anyone who â€Å"has shown themselves dangerous to mankind. † Through an executive power there will be opportunities available to man, not only to receive reparation for damages but to do as necessary to â€Å"secure the innocent for the future. † Locke’s theory on the â€Å"natural liberty† of man holds that â€Å"man is to be free from any superior power. † This means that for a person in a society, no other power but his own ability to do and refrain from doing is within his own will. Any limitation which requires to be placed on a behavior that is part of the natural common code of conduct, must be established through consent by the legislative power of government and for the good of all the people among the community. Locke claims that the â€Å"natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power† and to have â€Å"only the law of nature for his rule. † This means that the laws which exist are established for the people and by the people in a society. They are created for coexistence among one another and no one can enforce or take away this common practice. These natural laws were created for the good of everyone, so the people who perform up to these standards gave trust that the enacted and enforced laws will prevail on their behalf. Locke then explains the â€Å"origins of property. † He begins by confirming that although man does have a power and liberty over his life. He does not have power to dispose of his own life. In a brief statement Locke states, â€Å"Man has property in his own person† including â€Å"the labor of his body and the work of his hands. † By saying this Locke expresses his views on human nature and our ability to acquire property. He is saying that we are all property acquiring beings, and our claim or possession to this property derives from our physical work. We as individuals in a society attempt to put effort to obtain something we value, and create an appreciation for what we have through labor. So in a sense the labor of man, according to Locke is the source of all value. The amount of labor one puts into what he owns creates an appreciation of value because value is created through his labor. Since the creation of physical currency, paper money and coins, we in a society attempt to posses more property than we need to use. So people in a community are not guaranteed secure protection from this excess property. In order to protect our property and secure this right, Locke believes an elected government is needed to be established. With the consent of the people, the elected government takes responsibility to become the sole protector of their valuables. Locke’s political and legal thoughts on government created a justifiable pourpose for society to give power over to a elected ruler. First of all the â€Å"state of nature,† as described by Locke, is a society in which each man governs himself individually and there is no existence of a specific government rule. A society that lives by these laws can use their own cultural morals to govern themselves without a formal government, although every culture has their own interpretation of what is moral. Locke states otherwise in his writings in the Second Treaties of Government, to argue that an elected government by society is necessary. Thomas Jefferson later includes parts of Locke’s political philosophy when composing the Declaration of Independence. Based entirely on Locke’s theory of natural political equality, Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence became one of the most important and influential documents that created a foundation for the legislative branch of government. Locke’s focus is primarily based on the ideas of freedom and equality as a whole he believes that society should naturally possess the right to life liberty and property. These natural rights have derived from the law of nature, which are composed based on the laws of God. These laws are also known as moral laws. Locke believed that people that live in a state of nature are also living in a state of war. Since there is only the state of nature for their rule, there is no determination of what is considered equality and who has the power to balance peace. John Locke’s Two Treatise of Government also includes a definition of government, in which the people conform to the law or to rules which are entered based on logic or justification. In relation to members of society conforming to these laws, the same government must guarantee protection from taking away any of their natural rights. Locke’s view on valid government is one that confirms and supports three main natural laws of life, liberty and property. In defining political power, Locke insists that it is proper to make laws â€Å"for the regulating and preserving of property,† and adds, that it is necessary for, â€Å"the execution of such laws in the defense of the common-wealth from foreign injury. † By saying this Locke supports and confirms that an established government is needed â€Å"for the public good. † Locke explains that â€Å"the reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property. â€Å" He adds that the citizens of a new established government â€Å"have a right to resume their original liberty ?by the establishment of a new legislative,† when any natural rights are threatened. Locke then continues to describe the separation between the powers of government and the powers of the governed. Including what creates a community under an elected government and who determines what political actions are for the good of the entire society. This is explained further when Locke says â€Å"for when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual, made a community, they have thereby made that community one body, with a power to act as one body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority. † When entering into a established society we assume our rights to enjoy our property in peace and safety. In order to be given this opportunity, Locke believes it is first necessary to establish a Legislative power for the good of all members of a society. The legislative power is to promote and guarantee preservation of all natural rights including safety for every person among the society. This legislative power thought does not have an absolute power, instead the power is offered based on the decisions as a majority given by the members in that society. This procedure is used so that any laws created will become an obligation on the members to cooperate with them because they have consented to a legislative power. This separates a government rule with supreme power from government rule by the power of the people. Since this power is created through consideration of the common wealth of the public good. Locke’s perception of a monarchy consisted of the idea that the people of a community experienced corruption due to absolute power given to one leader, the king. This lead to vicious rule and caused the people in the society to be force to live in conditions they did not deserve. In a monarchy the king would normally use his own judgments and digression to use his appointed power for the good of himself. This results in oppressing the people and leaving no opportunity to compromise the need for change. Under a monarchy rule there was an insufficient opportunity to dispute any privileges or restrictions. Enforcing laws or withholding natural rights under a monarchy rule hold no limitations because there is no restraint on the ruling of the king. By granting the powers of government in one person this will not guarantee a fair and honest approach for the common good. So Locke attempts to discuss and examine a system that will refrain from granting the powers of government to strictly one individual. Limitation and separation of powers of the government will restrain and prevent members of government from abusing the powers of governing a society. Establishing a government through the consent of all members of society will create trust that the laws and sanctions will prevail for the common good. Locke then explains that when being born into an established government we assume our rights to enjoy our property in peace and safety. In order to be given equal opportunity to enjoy our natural rights, Locke believes it is first necessary to establish a legislative power that will consider all members of a society. The creation of a legislative power is to promote and guarantee preservation of all natural rights including safety for every person who is a participant of that community. Most of John Locke’s writing also focuses on two branches of government known as the legislative and executive power. These branches of government are based on a constitutional state, where one leader does not have the authority to absolute power. The Legislative branch of government has the function of making laws. The Executive branch has the responsibility to carry out those laws created by the Legislative branch. This is to ensure that an elected government does not use only his own digressions when establishing laws and enforcing them. Locke states that by separating the authority and responsibilities of government into two separate branches, is the first positive approach of creating a valid constitution. These powers are required to be handled for the good of all members in society, by separating these powers there is no chance that the government will become corrupted. The purpose of John Locke’s composed writings attempt to encourage the need for a government which creates a foundation for the good of all members of society. In the process of offering order and peace for the common good of all the people members of the society must follow these rules. To establish a successful government Locke believes that it is necessary to obtain consent from the entire member. The purpose of creating a specific government is due to the unstable conditions of living in a state of nature. Living in a state of nature guarantees natural rights and freedom but not safety. This is why a power needs to be placed in the hands of a member from society to maintain the peace. Although living in society like a monarchy, under the ruling of a king can create unbalance and corruption of power. To enjoy both natural rights and live under a government that will prevail on behalf of its members. Following the establishment of government Locke then explains that the powers of making laws and enforcing them cannot be placed on one person. Placing absolute power in the hands of one person will only lead to corruption and unbalance, between all the members in the society. For this reason Locke requires a separation of powers among all government activity. This will balance and maintain a system that will stabilized living conditions for all the members of society. REFRENCES: Christie C. George, Martin H. Patrick. (1995). Jurisprudence; Text & Readings on the Philosophy of Law (3rd Edition). Natural Rights, Human Rights: John Locke (pgs 284 -342). St. Paul, MN : West Publishing Company.